Colors and kinships
Field theory in language consists of terms and concepts, such as vocabularies, which occupy semantic space within the language. These vocabularies are distributed among specific lexical items, such as castles, marionettes, houses, bungalows, and flats. Filed theory is useful for contrastive analysis of different languages, as each language has its basic vocabularies and lexical items. (Finch, 2000,187)
Bussmann and et al.( 2006, 202), states that color words are part of every natural language’s core vocabulary. In other words, because each language’s vocabularies for colors varies from those of other languages, each language has its own cultural vocabulary. As a universal capacity for humanity, speakers of various languages may share the same viewpoints, knowledge, and cognition, and hence recognize the color spectrum in the same manner. The most notable work is that of Berlin etal (1969). They conducted research on color terminology in 98 different languages. They discovered a number of color words that are universal. For example, they discovered eleven primary color groups that corresponded to the English prototypes. Black, white, red, orange, yellow, brown, green, blue, crimson, pink, and grey are all English porotypes. The languages with fewer categories than these.
We see that Berlin and Kay based levels for colour words throughout the previously discussed proposal. According to Saeed ( 2015, 71-73), “in our environment, we notice differences for vocabularies related to things in the physical world, so there are no direct relationships between the linguistic item and the thing in the environment.” As a result, the linguistic units of color should differ. Saeed indicates to the work of Berlin et al., who investigated how languages differ in the number and range of their colors. They believed that some lexemes in languages have fundamental meanings:
The term is mon-lexemic, which is built on one lexeme the basic color, thus the term blue-gray is not the basic color.
The term of color has not a relation of hyponym, thus it is not included in another color, or it is not a kind of another color. Thus, red is basic, while scarlet is not.
Color terms have a wide applicability. Thus the colors, black, white, red, etc. are more applicable and usable than the term blonde, which is specified in specific situations.
The term is not semantic extension or revealing that color, thus turquoise, gold, and chestnut are not basic. In other words; the idea of basic color refers to a mono-lexemic color item, ex. black, and red. While the color term turquoise is a greenish-blue color, and gold is yellow-brown color, while chestnut is a deep reddish-brown color, thus, they are mix of one or two colors in specific degree.
Color words in a language can be classified into abstract and descriptive words. Abstract words refer to specific colors, such as white, black, red, yellow, green, blue, brown, and gray. Descriptive words, on the other hand, are used to describe an object or phenomenon, such as salmon, rose, saffron, or lilac. These words are often used to specify a particular hue of a basic color term. In some languages, colors may be denoted by descriptive words, while others may use abstract terms. Languages may adopt or invent new abstract terms as they evolve.(Özbal et al., 2011)
Kinship
Kinship systems make an interesting area for componential analysis. Kinship is universal since all humans are related to other humans through blood ties and through marriage, but kinship systems differ from society to society. A relationship is a kind of predicate. . Sentences such as Harold is Alice’s father and Rose is Jerry’s sister have a propositional content that we represent this way:
Theme Predicate Associate
Harold father-of Alice
Rose sister-of Jerry
Some of the predicate relations in all kinship systems can be described with four primitive features: [parent], [offspring], [sibling] and [spouse]. We also need the components [male] and [female], of course, which we will indicate as M and F, respectively. Combining M and F with the four basic features gives definitions of eight predicates: father=M parent, mother=F parent, brother=M sibling, sister=F sibling, son=M offspring, daughter=F offspring, husband =M spouse, wife=F spouse.(Kreidler, 2002)
Kinship terminologies refer to culturally recognized kinship relations, often categorized by differences in genealogical referents. Recent analysis reveals a generative logic for terminologies, providing a more rigorous comparative basis for studying kinship terminology systems without referencing genealogy.
(Read, 2015)
Sociologists and anthropologists debate as what to types of kinship exist. Most social scientists agree that kinship is based on two broad areas: birth and marriage; others say a third category of kinship involves social ties. These three types of kinship are:
Kinship is based on blood—or birth: the relationship between parents and children as well as siblings, says the Sociology Group. This is the most basic and universal type of kinship. Also known as a primary kinship, it involves people who are directly related.
Kinship is based on marriage. The relationship between husband and wife is also considered a basic form of kinship.
Social: Schneider argued that not all kinship derives from blood or marriage. There are also social kinships, where individuals not connected by birth or marriage may still have a bond of kinship, he said. By this definition, two people who live in different communities may share a bond of kinship through a religious relationship or a social group, such as within a rural or tribal society marked by close ties among its members.
Kinship is important to a person and a community’s well-being. Because different societies define kinship differently, they also set the rules governing kinship, which are sometimes legally defined and sometimes implied. At its most basic levels, according to the Sociology Group, kinship refers to:
Descent: the socially existing recognized biological relationships between people in the society. Every society looks at the fact that all offspring and children descend from their parents and that biological relationships exist between parents and children. Descent is used to trace an individual’s ancestry.
Lineage: the line from which descent is traced. This also called ancestry.
