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Verb Phrase in English and Arabic

In English, the verb phrase functions as the central part of a sentence, often built around the verb. For example:

• The boys will see the play – A complex verb phrase where “will see” is the head.

• The boys went to the market – A simple verb phrase with “went” as the head.
  English clauses typically follow the SVO pattern (subject-verb-object).

In Arabic, verb phrases usually begin with the verb, following a VSO pattern. For instance:

• يرى الأولاد المسرحية – The clause starts with the verb “يرى,” making it a verb phrase.

Verb Subclasses in English

English verbs are categorized into lexical verbs and auxiliary verbs, which differ in their roles in:

1. Interrogation: Auxiliary verbs appear before the subject in questions. Example:

   • She will read this story → Will she read this story?

2. Negation: Auxiliary verbs allow the placement of “not” after them. Example:

   • She will read this book → She will not read this book.

3. Proform: Auxiliary verbs can replace other verbs as substitutes. Example:

   • She likes oranges, and so does her brother – “does” replaces “likes.”

Auxiliary verbs are further divided into:

• Primary auxiliaries: (do, have, be)

• Modal auxiliaries: (shall, will, etc.)

Forms and Combinations of Verbs in English

English verbs have five forms:

1. Base: Used in dictionaries and imperative sentences (e.g., open the door).

2. -ing form: Indicates progressive aspects (e.g., she is swimming).

3. Verb + s: Used for third-person singular (e.g., she cooks dinner).

4. Past form: Refers to past actions (e.g., he went to school yesterday).

5. Past participle: Used in passive voice (e.g., the room is cleaned).

Verb phrases can be:

• Simple: Contain a single verb (e.g., The boys work hard).

• Complex: Contain multiple verbs (e.g., The boys will be working hard).

Finite and Non-Finite Verbs in English

• Finite verbs agree with the subject and express mood, tense, number, and person (e.g., He enjoys music).

• Non-finite verbs (e.g., infinitives, participles) do not show agreement and are used in various forms (e.g., He is reading now).

Verb Phrase in Arabic

Arabic verbs are divided into basic classes and derived classes:

1. Basic Classes:

   • Trilateral (ثلاثي): Consists of three consonants (e.g., ذهب). Subtypes depend on the vowel in the second radical:

     • فتح (e.g., ذهب)

     • كسر (e.g., حزن)

     • ضم (e.g., ثقل)

   • Quadrilateral (رباعي): Consists of four consonants with subtypes:

     • Repeated radicals (e.g., وسوس – whisper).

     • Derived from nouns (e.g., جورب – to put stockings).

     • Descriptive forms (e.g., شمخر – to be proud).

     • Blends (e.g., بسمل – derived from بسم الله).

2. Derived Classes:

   • Derived from the trilateral and quadrilateral forms, maintaining a semantic link to their roots.(Aziz, 1989)

The verb phrase in English is centered around the verb, with structures like simple (e.g., “went”) or complex (e.g., “will see”) phrases, while Arabic verbs often follow a VSO pattern. English verbs are classified into lexical and auxiliary, with five forms and distinct roles in negation, interrogation, and pronoun use. Arabic verbs are categorized into trilateral and quadrilateral classes, with derived forms maintaining semantic connections to their roots.