Victimization in Literature 

   Generally, the term ‘victimization’ is sometimes utilized in literature to pinpoint the studies or surveys and explores crimes supposing the victim as an essential focus. Such surveys are generally population ones known as either  “victim surveys or crime victim survey”. In this sense, the term is closely connected with criminology ( Nofizger, 2009, p. 337). For Hartjen and Priyadarsini (2012, p.7), the term ‘victimization’, most commonly, either refers to the practice of being victimized from various points of view namely: physical, moral, psychological, and sexual or to the person being abused, maltreated, damaged, and then turned into victim. In Finkelhor’s view (2008, p.23), victimization takes place when  human actors intend deliberately to harm individuals and hence violate social norms.

    In spite of the non-uniformity the term has, victimization may signify those series of acts identified as being physically, psychologically, economically and emotionally violent and harmful. The term ‘victimization’ is current in interpersonal or solitary relationship that is characterized by the absence of a power balance. The consequence of such aggressive acts which are regarded as crime is called a victim, a person receiving willingly or unwillingly these acts and responding to them differently in a wide range of ways based on the individual himself ( Fisher et. al, 2007, p.17).  It is true that victimization covers, but not limited to, forms such as peer victimization, sexual or physical and even verbal abuse, bullying, battering, and theft. That is, victimization, according to Yucedal (2010, p.6 ) may extend to include cybercrimes that occur along with the evolution of the internet and computer technologies. Scholars like Goodman (1997) ; Grabosky and Smith (2001); Newman and Clarke (2003); Nasheri (2005) ; Cangemi ( 2004); Yar (2005), among many others, confirm  this  idea of covering victimization to  cybercrimes. They state that bundles of internet programs as well as computer technologies are possible to be used for accomplishing various offenses or  crimes. Even though the above mentioned forms of victimization are usually linked with specific groups of people, others can also experience them. Generally, peer victimization and bullying, for instance, are considered to appear among adolescents and children respectively but they may also occur between adults (Miethe&Meier,1994, p.243).  Esbensen et. al (2010, p.102) elaborate more on this idea stating  that although any person may be victimized, specific populations such as women, the elderly, and persons with disabilities are more subject to particular kinds of victimization rather than others. Domestic violence or sexual abuse, for example, is universally associated with women. Victimization, Finkelhor (2008, p.24) explains, is different from other sufferings or traumas like diseases, natural disasters, grieves, losses and stresses although it is widely common to call people as “victims of accidents” or “cancer victims”. Hence, he suggests to limit the term “interpersonal victimization” for those processes related to male violence, immorality, betrayal and discrimination. Additionally, interpersonal victimization, to a large degree, involves social reactions and a specific set of organizations that are usually absent in other traumas.